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Week 6 Discussion 1: Presidential AdvisorRequired ResourcesRead/review the following resources for this activity:Textbook: Review Chapter 2, 3 (pp. 56-59), 13LessonAdditional scholarly sources you identify through your own researchTEXTBOOK:Magstadt, T. (2017). Understanding Politics: Ideas, institutions, and issues (12th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage.Post Instructions:You are an advisor to the President tasked with cutting at least $300 billion from the budget. The president wants your recommendations to cut lines, not large categories. Explain why you chose those cuts.Note: THESE ARE NOT  TRUE US BUDGET NUMBERS!.DOMESTIC PROGRAMS AND FOREIGN AIDCut some foreign aid to African countries$17 billionEliminate farm subsidies$14 billionCut pay of civilian federal workers by 5 percent$14 billionReduce the overall federal workforce by 10%$12 billionCut aid to states by 5%$29 billionMILITARYCut the number of nuclear warheads, and end the “Star Wars” missile defense program$19 billionReduce military to pre-Iraq War size and further reduce troops in Asia and Europe$25 billionCancel or delay some weapons programs$19 billionHEALTHCAREEnact medical malpractice reform by reducing the chances of large malpractice verdicts$ 8 billionIncrease the Medicare eligibility age to 68$ 8 billionRaise the Social Security retirement age to 68.$ 13 billionEXISTING TAXESReturn the estate tax to Clinton-era levels, passing on an estate worth more than $1 million to their heirs would have portions of those estates taxed.$ 50 billionEnd tax cuts for income above $250,000 a year$ 54 billionEnd tax cuts for income below $250,000 a year$ 172 billionPayroll tax increase for people making over $106,000 annually contributing more to Social Security and Medicare.$ 50 billionNEW TAXESInstitute a Millionaire’s tax on income above $1 million$ 50 billionAdd a national 5% sales tax$ 41 billionAdd a tax on carbon emissions$ 40 billionTax banks based on their sizes and the amount of risk they take.$ 73 billionTotal gap covered by your budget plan$_________________Use evidence (cite sources) to support your response from assigned readings or online lessons, and atTWOoutside scholarly source.Summary for discussion post:Imagine that you’re a high-ranking advisor to the President of the United States (If it helps think of a generic president, not the actual person in the White House), and you’re tasked with cutting at least $300 billion from the budget.The president wants your recommendations to cut lines, not large categories. Explain why you chose those cuts.Be sure to list the options you chose with their totals and your overall total as well. Reaching $300 Billion is tough, so I want you to get your total somewhere between $290 – 310 Billion.———————————–As you start, this hypothetical budget has a shortfall (or gap) of $300 Billion. You can make-up the difference with $300 Billion in budget cuts, OR $300 Billion in tax increases, OR something that uses both cuts and taxes.So, let’s say you decide to use the first two options seen in the Assessment:Cut some foreign aid African countries $17 billionEliminate farm subsidies $14 billionYou just eliminated $31 Billion from the gap. And the gap is now $269 Billion!Unfortunately, you just annoyed U.S. foreign allies and farmers.So you raise taxes:End Bush tax cuts for income above $250,000 a year $54 billionNow the gap is $215 Billion — and you just upset high-income tax payers — many of whom are now upset and won’t be contributing toward your boss’ Presidential campaign; making it harder for you — and your boss — to keep your jobs. Ah the joys of government budgeting! ????Lesson: EconomicsIntroductionThis week we will explore the economy, including the impact that governments have upon economic matters and the cost of welfare programs.The US BudgetIn February of each year, the President submits around a $3.8 trillion budget proposal to Congress for approval. This proposal is based on the President’s priorities, and what he believes will pass in the Congress. Once the plan is made public, interest groups, citizens, scholars, political scientists, and pundits begin to scrutinize it to see what spending will go where.The American economic system is very complicated. It is considered a laissez-faire economy, but this does not mean that it operates in an entirely free market. There are rules and regulations in place to protect the market, and the businesses and people working within it. Some of these safeguards developed during a period known as the New Deal, under President Franklin D. Roosevelt, as a means of lessening the impact of the Great Depression. These protections are referred to as the social safety net or welfare programs.Welfare is a term applied to social programs that contribute to the overall well-being of the citizens, and these types of programs usually develop when there is a great need within the populace. For example, during The Great Depression, inflation rates made the dollar lose its previous value. The Great Depression resulted in the suffering of a large portion of the population because many could not pay their bills, or buy necessities such as food which was in short supply to being with. Eventually, technological advances, spurred by the Industrial Revolution, made the farming process less difficult, allowing for larger and larger amounts of crops to be produced. Although this produced more food for a while, it also dropped the price of food, given the fundamental law of supply and demand. If the supply of a product rises above the demand for the product, prices will fall.Supply and DemandWith the fall in crop prices, farmers who had mortgaged their homes and land to afford new farming equipment lost it all because they could no longer earn enough to pay off their loans. Also, the new technology contributed to overfarming much of the land, which stripped needed nutrients from the soil, making it unfarmable for some time, developing The Dust Bowl. With the upper layer of soil missing from much of the farmland in the Midwest, the large amount of dust caused great dust storms as severe as blizzards. Food production suffered because of limited farmland, causing supply to decrease, raising the price of food again. However, given the state of inflation during this time, the average person could not keep up with these costs forcing the government to step in to provide for the people and stabilize prices.Although welfare programs serve purposes, they are not free. The problem of paying for them falls on every nation that offers them, which is why there is always much deliberation regarding these programs. The United States offers far fewer social programs than its European allies—based upon its laissez-faire approach—and yet there is always much discussion about their existence. American conservatives tend to support a reduction in the funding of such programs, whereas liberals usually argue for an increase in their funding.From the US budget to negotiating with China on tariffs, it is no doubt economics is essential. Economics has become even more critical as our society has globalized, making the world smaller. It is harder to find specific products with the “Made in the USA” label as businesses are outsourcing many manufacturing jobs to other nations to provide lower prices. The US, the only superpower, continues to be part of the global political economy.The Global Political EconomyThe paths that take nations to democracy are rarely straight, and never identical. The same can be said for those societies opting to embrace a market economy. The most successful economic system currently is capitalism, but capitalism has evolved and continues to grow differently in various countries around the world. Political scientists measure these changes alongside the systems’ roots in, and influence on, the political world.For half of the last century, many countries around the world operated under an economic system different from capitalism. The Cold War between the communist Soviet Union and the Western capitalist world has guided much of the international and domestic politics of the past 60 years. As communism eroded in the face of global markets, however, even the largest of the communist superpowers (Russia and China) moved toward market-based economies. Capitalist countries have also seen changes in the market over the past 75 years. The “free market” does not exactly exist in any democratic state because concerns about social well-being have caused most governments to establish some safety net to protect populations from the harsh realities of the market. Programs such as Social Security are examples of this safety net in the United States.Theoretical distinctions can be made between different democratic countries and their economic development. An example of such a difference presented in the field of political science categorizes countries’ financial systems based on how active the government is in the economy. Esping-Anderson (1990) writes that these economies can be categorized as laissez-faire, corporatist, or social democratic. Laissez-faire economies are those that remain most closely tied to the free market. Governments in these states have little democratic control over the economy and tend to allow the market to control prices and income distribution. Corporatist economies have strong centralized governments attempting to balance income distribution and market concerns between the free population and the private sector. Social-democratic countries are those in which the government owns many social services and heavily regulates private industry.As you might imagine, with so many different economies operating in the world, the international sphere as a whole has an economy of its own. Countries have to compete for business, and businesses have to compete for consumers. Trade agreements and restrictions are established to make these competitions equitable and productive. As Russia and China become increasingly dominant on the world economic stage, the international political and economic landscape will continue to change. The emergence of new economic powers is not the only pressure on the international economy, however. Political issues such as wages, immigration, export controls, taxes, and employment all factor into decisions that impact global markets. Citizens are going to have to make difficult decisions relating to many concerns of this new global environment in the coming years. Should national sovereignty be given to international organizations? Should businesses that pay low wages in other countries be allowed to import goods? Must governments ultimately regulate the economy, or can the free market solve these problems without interference?SummaryIt seems clear that economics are closely tied to politics and that decisions regarding regulation of economic matters have a direct impact on a government’s success.References:Congressional Budget Office. (2017). The Federal budget in 2017. Retrieved from https://www.cbo.gov/publication/53624Esping-Anderson, G. (1990). The three worlds of welfare capitalism. Hoboken, NJ.: John Wiley & Sons.

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